Yang'anani pa: Ruby Madder Alizarin

Ruby Mander Alizarin ndi mtundu watsopano wa Winsor & Newton wopangidwa ndi maubwino a alizarin opangidwa.Tinapezanso mtundu umenewu m’malo athu osungira zinthu zakale, ndipo m’buku lofotokoza zamitundu yosiyanasiyana lochokera mu 1937, akatswiri athu a zamankhwala anaganiza zoyesa kufanana ndi mitundu yamphamvu imeneyi ya Nyanja ya Alizarin yakuda kwambiri.

Tidakali ndi zolemba za wojambula wachi Britain George Field;amadziwika kuti amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi woyambitsa wathu pakupanga mitundu.Field itapanga njira yopangira mtundu wa madder kukhala nthawi yayitali, kuyesa kwina kunachitika kuti apange mitundu ina yokongola ya madder, pigment yayikulu kukhala alizarin.

Muzu wa madder wamba (Rubia tinctorum) wakhala ukulimidwa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka nsalu kwazaka zosachepera 5,000, ngakhale zidatenga nthawi kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito popaka utoto.Izi zili choncho chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito madder ngati pigment, choyamba muyenera kusintha utoto wosungunuka m'madzi kukhala chinthu chosasungunuka pouphatikiza ndi mchere wachitsulo.

Zikapanda kusungunuka, zimatha kuuma ndi zotsalira zolimba ndikusakanikirana ndi sing'anga ya utoto, monganso mtundu uliwonse wa mchere.Izi zimatchedwa kuti nyanja pigment ndipo ndi njira yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utoto wambiri kuchokera ku zomera kapena nyama.

Zina mwa nyanja zoyambilira za madder zapezeka pamiphika ya ku Cypriot kuyambira zaka za m'ma 800 BC.Nyanja za Madder zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'majambula ambiri a Romano-Egyptian mummy.Popenta ku Ulaya, madder ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1700 ndi 1800.Chifukwa cha maonekedwe a pigment, nyanja za madder nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga glaze

Njira yodziwika bwino ndiyo kuyika madder glaze pamwamba pa vermilion kuti apange kapezi wowala.Njirayi imatha kuwoneka m'zojambula zingapo za Vermeer, monga Girl with Red Riding Hood (c. 1665).Chodabwitsa n'chakuti pali maphikidwe ochepa kwambiri a mbiri yakale a nyanja za madder.Chifukwa chimodzi cha izi chingakhale chakuti, nthawi zambiri, utoto wa madder suchokera ku zomera, koma kuchokera ku nsalu zotayidwa kale.

Pofika m’chaka cha 1804, George Field anali atapanga njira yosavuta yochotsera utoto ku mizu ya madder ndi madder a m’nyanja, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale utoto wokhazikika.Mawu oti "madder" atha kupezeka pofotokoza mitundu yamitundu yofiira, kuchokera ku bulauni kupita ku zofiirira mpaka buluu.Izi zili choncho chifukwa mitundu yochuluka ya utoto wa madder imabwera chifukwa chosakaniza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utoto.

Chiŵerengero cha mitundu imeneyi chingakhudzidwe ndi zinthu zambiri, kuchokera ku mtundu wa zomera za madder zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, nthaka yomwe mbewuyo imamera, mpaka momwe mizu imasungidwira ndi kukonzedwa.Kuonjezera apo, mtundu wa mtundu womaliza wa madder pigment umakhudzidwanso ndi zitsulo zamchere zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zisasungunuke.

Katswiri wa zamankhwala waku Britain William Henry Perkin adasankhidwa kukhala paudindowu mu 1868 ndi asayansi aku Germany Graebe ndi Lieberman, omwe anali ndi chilolezo chopanga alizarin tsiku lapitalo.Uyu ndi woyamba kupanga pigment zachilengedwe.Chimodzi mwazabwino kwambiri pochita izi ndikuti alizarin yopangidwa imawononga ndalama zosakwana theka la mtengo wa nyanja ya alizarin yachilengedwe, ndipo imakhala ndi kuwala kwabwinoko.Izi zili choncho chifukwa zomera za madder zimatenga zaka zitatu kapena zisanu kuti zithe kutulutsa utoto wawo, ndipo zimatenga nthawi yaitali kuti zitulutse utoto wake.